Conducta sexual y realización de la prueba del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en jóvenes que estudian en la universidad en Cuzco (Perú) / Sexual behaviour and human immunodeficiency virus testing in university students from Cuzco (Peru)

Objetivo: El objetivo era analizar la conducta sexual, la realización de la prueba del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), las intenciones para hacérsela y los motivos para no realizársela en jóvenes estudiantes en la universidad en Cuzco (Perú). Métodos: Participaron 1377 estudiantes universitarios/as de diversas instituciones de educación superior de Cuzco (Perú). El rango de edad era de 16 a 30 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre conducta sexual y realización de la prueba del VIH. El tamaño de la muestra se estableció considerando un nivel de confianza del 97% y un error de estimación del 3%. El cuestionario se cumplimentó en las aulas durante las horas lectivas. Resultados: Un mayor porcentaje de varones que de mujeres ha tenido sexo vaginal, anal y oral, un mayor número de parejas sexuales y un inicio a una edad más temprana en el sexo vaginal y oral. Un mayor porcentaje de mujeres que de varones no utilizó el preservativo en la primera relación sexual anal y tenía un mayor índice de riesgo anal. La mayoría de los/las jóvenes no se había realizado nunca la prueba del VIH. El principal motivo para no hacérsela era la seguridad de no estar infectados/as. Conclusiones: Parece existir una baja percepción de riesgo frente al VIH en los/las jóvenes a pesar de implicarse en conductas sexuales de riesgo. Es necesaria la realización de campañas de prevención dirigidas tanto a la población general como a las poblaciones clave, y considerar especialmente a la juventud

Objective: To analyse sexual behaviour, HIV testing, HIV testing intentions and reasons for not testing for HIV in university students from Cuzco (Peru). Methods: The sample comprised 1,377 university students from several institutions from Cuzco (Peru). The size of the sample was set according to a maximum 3% error estimation and a 97% confidence interval. Ages ranged from 16 to 30 years old. The data were collected through a self-administered, anonymous and voluntary questionnaire regarding sexual behaviour and HIV testing. The data were collected in classrooms during teaching hours. Results: A higher percentage of males than females reported having had vaginal, anal and oral sex, a higher number of sexual partners and an earlier age at first vaginal and oral sex. A higher percentage of females than males did not use condoms when they first had anal sex and had a higher anal sex-risk index. Most of the participants had never been HIV tested. The main reason was that they were sure that they were not HIV infected. Conclusions: It seems that there was a low HIV risk perception in these participants despite the fact that they had been involved in sexual risk behaviours. Prevention campaigns focused on the general population as well as the at-risk populations and young people are needed

[Sexual behaviour and human immunodeficiency virus testing in university students from Cuzco (Peru)]. / Conducta sexual y realización de la prueba del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en jóvenes que estudian en la universidad en Cuzco (Perú).

OBJECTIVE: To analyse sexual behaviour, HIV testing, HIV testing intentions and reasons for not testing for HIV in university students from Cuzco (Peru). METHODS: The sample comprised 1,377 university students from several institutions from Cuzco (Peru). The size of the sample was set according to a maximum 3% error estimation and a 97% confidence interval. Ages ranged from 16 to 30 years old. The data were collected through a self-administered, anonymous and voluntary questionnaire regarding sexual behaviour and HIV testing. The data were collected in classrooms during teaching hours. RESULTS: A higher percentage of males than females reported having had vaginal, anal and oral sex, a higher number of sexual partners and an earlier age at first vaginal and oral sex. A higher percentage of females than males did not use condoms when they first had anal sex and had a higher anal sex-risk index. Most of the participants had never been HIV tested. The main reason was that they were sure that they were not HIV infected. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that there was a low HIV risk perception in these participants despite the fact that they had been involved in sexual risk behaviours. Prevention campaigns focused on the general population as well as the at-risk populations and young people are needed.

Ranking 20112 de investigación de las universidades públicas españolas / 2012 ranking in research in Spanish public universities

ANTECEDENTES: para garantizar la utilidad de las políticas de promoción de la investigación de las instituciones educativas, en los últimos años se están desarrollando estudios que analizan diversos indicadores, con la intención de valorar posibles cambios en el futuro. El objetivo de este trabajo es actualizar el ranking de producción y productividad en investigación de las universidades públicas españolas, con los datos del año 2012. MÉTODO: se sigue la misma metodología que en los años anteriores. Se evalúan siete indicadores: artículos en revistas indexadas en el JCR, tramos de investigación, proyectos I+D, tesis doctorales, becas FPU, doctorados con Mención hacia la Excelencia y patentes. RESULTADOS: en los resultados obtenidos en el ranking global se perciben diferencias entre las universidades que poseen una mayor producción (Universidad de Barcelona, Complutense de Madrid y Universidad de Granada) y las que tienen una mayor productividad (Pompeu Fabra, Pablo de Olavide y Miguel Hernández de Elche). CONCLUSIONES: al comparar los resultados con la edición anterior de 2011 se puede ver que las tres universidades más productivas se mantienen en los mismos puestos

BACKGROUND: In order to guarantee the usefulness of promotion policies for the investigation of educational institutions, in recent years studies analyzing different indicators have been developed, with the intention of valuing possible changes in the future. The objective of this work is to update the research production and productivity ranking of Spanish public universities, using data from 2012. METHOD: The same methodology as previous years has been followed. Seven indicators have been evaluated: articles from journals indexed in the JCR, research lines, R+D projects, doctoral theses, Spanish research and training grants, doctorate courses awarded a mention of excellence and patents. RESULTS: Amongst the results obtained in the global ranking there are differences between the universities with a higher production (University of Barcelona, Complutense University of Madrid and the University of Granada) and those with a higher productivity (Pompeu Fabra, Pablo de Olavide and Miguel Hernández de Elche). CONCLUSIONS: When comparing the results to those of 2011, it can be observed that the three most productive universities remain in the same positions

Analysis of sexual behavior in adolescents.

The aim of this study was to describe some characteristics of vaginal, anal and oral sexual behavior in Spanish adolescents. It was a cross-sectional descriptive population study conducted using a probabilistic sample survey. The sample was composed of 4,612 male and female adolescents, of whom 1,686 reported having penetrative sexual experience. Sample size was established with a 97% confidence level and a 3% estimation error. Data collection took place in secondary education schools. Mean age of vaginal sex initiation was 15 years. Compared to females, males reported an earlier age of anal and oral sex initiation and a larger number of vaginal and anal sexual partners. Males also reported a higher frequency of penetrative sexual relations under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. A higher percentage of females than males reported not using a condom in their first anal sexual experience. This study provides a current overview of the sexual behavior of adolescents that can be useful for the design of future programs aimed at preventing HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Ranking de 2011 en producción y productividad en investigación de las universidades públicas españolas / 2011 ranking in production and research productivity in Spanish public universities

La evaluación y mejora de la calidad de la investigación que se realiza en las universidades es uno de los objetivos primordiales del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Dentro de ese propósito, se observa un creciente interés por la elaboración de rankings, tanto nacionales como internacionales. El objetivo de esta investigación es actualizar el ranking de productividad en investigación de las universidades públicas españolas con los datos del año 2011. Se sigue la misma metodología que en los años anteriores, incluyendo no solo la evaluación de la productividad, sino también de la producción total de cada universidad. Se evalúan siete indicadores: artículos en revistas indexadas en el JCR, tramos de investigación, proyectos I+D, tesis doctorales, becas FPU, doctorados con Mención hacia la Excelencia y patentes. Los resultados obtenidos muestran grandes diferencias entre las universidades que poseen una mayor producción (Universidad de Barcelona, Complutense de Madrid y Universidad de Granada) y las más productivas (Pompeu Fabra, Pablo de Olavide y Rovira i Virgili). En la discusión, se analizan los resultados obtenidos, prestando atención a la evolución de la investigación que se ha realizado en las universidades públicas españolas en los últimos cuatro años y se plantean varios desafíos para el futuro (AU)

The assessment and improvement of the quality of scientific research in the universities is one of the main goals of the European Space for Higher Education. Within this goal, increased interest in national and international rankings has been shown. The objective of this research is to update the scientific research productivity ranking of Spanish public universities and it is based on data corresponding to 2011. The methodology of this research is similar to those of past research, including not only the assessment of productivity, but the total production of each university. Seven indicators were assessed: articles in JCR-indexed journals, scientific research periods, I+D projects, doctoral dissertations, FPU scholarships, doctoral programs towards Excellence Mention, and patents. Results show a notable difference between universities with a higher production (University of Barcelona, Complutense University of Madrid, and University of Granada) and those that are the most productive (Pompeu Fabra, Pablo de Olavide, and Rovira i Virgili). The results obtained are analyzed in the discussion with special focus on the evolution of research in Spanish public universities in the past four years. Some challenges for the future are also discussed (AU)

[2011 ranking in production and research productivity in Spanish public universities]. / Ranking de 2011 en producción y productividad en investigación de las universidades públicas españolas.

The assessment and improvement of the quality of scientific research in the universities is one of the main goals of the European Space for Higher Education. Within this goal, increased interest in national and international rankings has been shown. The objective of this research is to update the scientific research productivity ranking of Spanish public universities and it is based on data corresponding to 2011. The methodology of this research is similar to those of past research, including not only the assessment of productivity, but the total production of each university. Seven indicators were assessed: articles in JCR-indexed journals, scientific research periods, I+D projects, doctoral dissertations, FPU scholarships, doctoral programs towards Excellence Mention, and patents. Results show a notable difference between universities with a higher production (University of Barcelona, Complutense University of Madrid, and University of Granada) and those that are the most productive (Pompeu Fabra, Pablo de Olavide, and Rovira i Virgili). The results obtained are analyzed in the discussion with special focus on the evolution of research in Spanish public universities in the past four years. Some challenges for the future are also discussed.

Ranking de 2010 en producción y productividad en investigación de las universidades públicas españolas / Ranking 2010 in production and research productivity in Spanish public universities

La creación del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior ha traído consigo la relevancia de la evaluación de la calidad científica. Por ello, se observa un creciente interés por la elaboración de rankings de universidades, tanto nacionales como internacionales. Para seguir con la línea comenzada hace dos años, el objetivo de esta investigación es actualizar el ranking de productividad en investigación de las universidades públicas españolas con los datos del año 2010. Se sigue la misma metodología que con los datos de 2008 y 2009, aunque este año se incluyen medidas de producción total. Se evalúan los mismos indicadores de investigación que en 2009: artículos en revistas indexadas en el JCR, tramos de investigación, proyectos I+D, tesis doctorales, becas FPU, doctorados con Mención de Calidad y patentes. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, se observa que las universidades con una mayor producción en investigación fueron la Complutense de Madrid, Barcelona y Granada. Las más productivas fueron la Universidad Pompeu Fabra, la Pablo de Olavide y la Autónoma de Barcelona (AU)

The creation of the European Higher Education Area has brought the relevance of the scientific quality assessment in higher education. The result of this interest is a growing interest in the development of rankings of universities, both nationally and internationally. To continue the line started two years ago, the goal of this research is to update the ranking of research productivity in Spanish public universities with the data of 2010. We follow the same methodology to data from 2008 and 2009; although this year it includes measures of total production. The same indicators to evaluate research in 2009: journals articles indexed in the JCR, research periods, research + development projects, doctoral dissertations, grants for training university teachers, Doctoral Programs with Quality Mention and patents. From the results obtained show that universities with higher production were Complutense de Madrid, Barcelona and Granada. The most productive were the Pompeu Fabra University, the Pablo de Olavide, and the Autónoma de Barcelona (AU)

Psychosocial correlates of condom use and their relationship with worry about STI and HIV in native and immigrant adolescents in Spain.

The goal of this study was to analyze how worry about sexually-transmitted infections (STI) and HIV influences attitudes and self-efficacy towards condom use, HIV-related knowledge, HIV-perceived susceptibility and HIV-misconceptions in a multicultural sample in Spain. The sample was composed of 3,051 adolescents aged between 14 and 19 years old who lived in Spain. Of these, 67.7% were native Spaniards and the remaining 32.3% were Latin American immigrants. Results showed that worry about STI and HIV has a direct influence on condom use self-efficacy and HIV-knowledge and HIV-perceived susceptibility. Native Spanish adolescents showed higher positive attitudes towards condom use, greater HIV-knowledge and HIV-perceived susceptibility, and lower negative attitudes towards condoms use and HIV-misconceptions than Latin American adolescents. In the discussion, the importance of worry about STI and HIV is highlighted as a mediator variable that can predict risky sexual behavior and is related to cultural origin.

Psychosocial correlates of condom use and their relationship with worry about STI and HIV in native and immigrant adolescents in Spain

The goal of this study was to analyze how worry about sexually-transmitted infections (STI) and HIV influences attitudes and self-efficacy towards condom use, HIV-related knowledge, HIV perceived susceptibility and HIV-misconceptions in a multicultural sample in Spain. The sample was composed of 3,051 adolescents aged between 14 and 19 years old who lived in Spain. Of these, 67.7% were native Spaniards and the remaining 32.3% were Latin American immigrants. Results showed that worry about STI and HIV has a direct influence on condom use self-efficacy and HIV-knowledge and HIV-perceived susceptibility. Native Spanish adolescents showed higher positive attitudes towards condom use, greater HIV-knowledge and HIV-perceived susceptibility, and lower negative attitudes towards condoms use and HIV-misconceptions than Latin American adolescents. In the discussion, the importance of worry about STI and HIV is highlighted as a mediator variable that can predict risky sexual behavior and is related to cultural origin (AU)

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue analizar cómo la preocupación hacia las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) y hacia el VIH influyen en las actitudes y en la autoeficacia hacia el uso del preservativo y en el conocimiento y la susceptibilidad ante el VIH en una muestra multicultural en España. En la investigación participaron 3051 adolescentes de entre 14 y 19 años residentes en España, de los que el 67,7% fueron autóctonos españoles y el 32,3% restante fueron inmigrantes de origen latinoamericano. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la preocupación hacia las ITS y hacia el VIH ejercen una influencia directa sobre la autoeficacia en el uso del preservativo y sobre el conocimiento y la susceptibilidad ante el VIH. Los adolescentes autóctonos mostraron más actitudes positivas hacia el uso del preservativo, más conocimiento y susceptibilidad ante el VIH y menos actitudes negativas hacia el preservativo e ideas erróneas sobre el VIH que los adolescentes latinoamericanos. En la discusión se resalta la importancia de la preocupación hacia las ITS y hacia el VIH como variable mediadora para la predicción de las conductas sexuales de riesgo y su relación con el origen cultural (AU)

[Ranking of 2009 in research in Spanish public universities]. / Ranking de 2009 en investigación de las universidades públicas españolas.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of quality rankings of universities, both nationally and internationally. The lack of clarity in the collection and presentation of information means that many of these classifications are difficult to understand and interpret, so that it is necessary to establish a series of considerations about the name of ranking, selection criteria, the weight indicators, the type and choice of institutions that are evaluated, the size of the institutions, information sources, the one-dimensionality/multi-dimensionality of the rankings, frequency and quality criteria. In addition to providing this information, the aim of this study is to update and improve the research ranking of Spanish public universities of 2009. The same methodology as in the ranking of 2008 is followed, adding a new criterion, which refers to the patents registered and operated, and also enhances the rate of research sections. Results allow the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of each Spanish public university in the area of research.

Relationship power in the couple and sexual double standard as predictors of the risk of sexually transmitted infections and HIV: multicultural and gender differences.

The goal of this work is to determine whether relationship power in couples and sexual double standard can predict the risk of sexually transmitted infections/human immunodeficiency virus (STI/HIV) as a function of cultural and gender differences. The sample was made up of 689 adolescents living in Spain, of both sexes, aged between 14 and 19 years, who were sexually active in the past six months and who had a stable partner. Of them, 58.9% were native Spaniards and 41.1% were immigrants of Latin American origin. The results show that origin, age, double standard and the control over decision-making in the couple can predict the risk of STI/HIV; thus, the immigrants, the older participants, those who scored higher in double standard, and those with less control over decision-making were at higher risk of STI/HIV. With regard to gender, the males displayed more double standard and more control over decision-making, and the females displayed higher control over the relationship. The need to adapt STI/HIV prevention programs to the cultural and gender inequality differences in the couple is commented on in the discussion.

Ranking de 2009 en investigación de las universidades públicas españolas / Ranking of 2009 in research in Spanish public universities

En los últimos años se observa un creciente interés por la elaboración de rankings de calidad de las universidades, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. La falta de claridad en la obtención y presentación de la información lleva a que muchas de estas clasificaciones sean difíciles de entender e interpretar, con lo que es necesario establecer una serie de consideraciones sobre el nombre del ranking, la selección de los criterios, el peso de los indicadores, el tipo y la selección de las instituciones que se evalúan, el tamaño de las instituciones, las fuentes de información, la unidimensionalidad/multidimensionalidad de los rankings, la periodicidad del ranking y los criterios de calidad. Además de ofrecer esta información, el objetivo de este estudio es actualizar y mejorar el Ranking de investigación de las universidades públicas españolas para el año 2009. Se sigue la misma metodología que en el ranking de 2008, se añade un nuevo criterio, que hace referencia a las patentes registradas y explotadas, y además se mejora el indicador de tramos de investigación. Los resultados obtenidos permiten evaluar las fortalezas y debilidades de cada universidad pública española en el ámbito de la investigación(AU)

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of quality rankings of universities, both nationally and internationally. The lack of clarity in the collection and presentation of information means that many of these classifications are difficult to understand and interpret, so that it is necessary to establish a series of considerations about the name of ranking, selection criteria, the weight indicators, the type and choice of institutions that are evaluated, the size of the institutions, information sources, the onedimensionality/ multi-dimensionality of the rankings, frequency and quality criteria. In addition to providing this information, the aim of this study is to update and improve the research ranking of Spanish public universities of 2009. The same methodology as in the ranking of 2008 is followed, adding a new criterion, which refers to the patents registered and operated, and also enhances the rate of research sections. Results allow the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of each Spanish public university in the area of research(AU)

Relación de la productividad y eficiencia en investigación con la financiación de las comunidades autónomas españolas / Relationship between productivity and efficiency in research funding for Spanish regions

La calidad es una de las principales necesidades y exigencias actuales para cualquier sistema universitario. La financiación que reciben las universidades influye de manera relevante en la productividad científica de éstas. Así, el objetivo principal de este estudio es realizar una clasificación de las comunidades autónomas españolas en función de la productividad científica y de la eficiencia económica de sus universidades. Se siguió el mismo procedimiento utilizado para elaborar el ranking de 2009 en productividad en investigación de las universidades españolas. Los resultados muestran que existen diferencias en las clasificaciones elaboradas, en función de la productividad y de la eficiencia en la investigación. Las comunidades autónomas más eficientes en la administración de sus recursos para obtener resultados en investigación son Cataluña, Asturias, Aragón y Cantabria. A partir de los resultados obtenidos, cada comunidad autónoma podrá comparar su situación con el resto y analizar puntos fuertes y débiles en investigación en función de los recursos destinados (AU)

Quality is a major current needs and requirements for any university system. The funding that universities receive a relevant influence on the scientific productivity of these. Thus the main objective of this study is to classify the Spanish regions in terms of scientific productivity and economic efficiency of their universities. It followed the same procedure used to prepare the 2009 ranking of research productivity in Spanish universities. The results show that there are differences in the classifications made on the basis of productivity and efficiency in the investigation. The more efficient Spanish regions in managing its resources to obtain research results are Catalonia, Asturias, Aragon, and Cantabria. From the results, each region can compare their situation with the rest and analyze strengths and weaknesses in research in terms of resources (AU)

Characteristics of Sexual Behavior in Spanish Adolescents

The aim of this study is to describe some characteristics of the sexual behavior of adolescents in Spain and to compare these characteristics according to gender, using a cross-sectional survey. Participants were 1.279 male and female adolescents who reported having had sexual intercourse. A questionnaire about sexual behavior was applied at their high schools and during school hours. Data were collected between 2006 and 2007. Mean age at the onset of sexual intercourse was 14.8 years in males and 15.0 years in females. Males and females were different according to the type of partner at the last sexual intercourse: 63.0% of males had a steady partner compared to 90.5% of females (p<0.01). The mean number of sexual partners during the last 12 months was higher in males than in females (M = 2.1 and M = 1.5 partners, for males and females, respectively, p<0.01). 50.0% of males had sexual intercourse under the effects of drugs versus 39.3% of females (p<0.01). STD and HIV prevention programs should be designed considering the differences according to adolescents’ sex (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio es describir algunas características de la conducta sexual de los adolescentes en España y comparar dichas características en función del sexo. Se trata de un estudio transversal descriptivo de poblaciones mediante encuestas con muestras probabilísticas. Participaron 1.279 adolescentes de ambos sexos que informaron haber mantenido contactos sexuales coitales. Se les aplicó un cuestionario sobre conducta sexual en sus centros de enseñanza. La recogida de datos tuvo lugar entre los años 2006 y 2007. La media de edad de inicio de las relaciones sexuales coitales era de 14.8 años en mujeres y de 15.0 años en varones. Los varones y las mujeres diferían en cuanto al tipo de pareja con la que mantuvieron la última relación sexual completa: el 63.0% de los varones tuvo una pareja fija comparado con el 90.5% de las chicas (p< 0.01). La media de parejas sexuales durante el último año era superior en los varones (M= 2.1 parejas) que en las mujeres (M= 1.5 parejas) (p<0.01). El 50.0% de los varones mantuvo relaciones sexuales bajo el efecto de drogas frente al 39.3% de las mujeres (p< 0.01). Los programas de prevención de las ETS y el VIH deben diseñarse considerando las diferencias existentes en función del sexo de los adolescentes (AU)

[Sociodemographic variables and risk behaviours for HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents: Spain, 2007]. / Variables sociodemográficas y conductas de riesgo en la infección por el VIH y las enfermedades de transmisión sexual en adolescentes: España, 2007.

BACKGROUND: The development of HIV and STD prevention programs needs information about sexual behaviour. The aim of this study is to analyze whether there were differences in HIV/STD risk behaviours according to type of high school (public/private), gender and age in adolescents. METHODS: A representative sample of 4.456 adolescents participated. To select the participants, a stratified random sampling considering Spanish regions and type of high school was used. It is a cross-sectional survey study. RESULTS: The percentage of adolescents that did not use condoms at first sexual intercourse was higher in private than in public high schools (chi(2) (1)=5,06; p=0,02). Adolescents who were between 17 and 18 years old had the highest percentage of non condom use at last sexual intercourse (chi(2) (2)= 6,90; p=0,03). A higher percentage of males than females had a casual partner at last sexual intercourse (chi(2) (1)=127,79; p=0,00). A higher number of adolescents of private high schools than adolescents of public high schools had used drugs at last sexual intercourse (chi(2) (1)=5,72; p=0,02), as well as males compared to females (chi(2) (1)=36,37; p=0,00). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in HIV risk behaviours according to sociodemographic variables are shown. Therefore, taking into account sociodemographic factors in sexual education programs focused on adolescents seems to be necessary.